14 CFR 91 — General Operating and Flight Rules

FAA flight rules — the most-cited federal layer in the flying-ops corpus. 262 sections, full current text (eCFR edition 2026-07-09), each cross-linked to the AF pubs that cite it.

SectionTitleAF citations
91.1Applicability.
91.3Responsibility and authority of the pilot in command.21 × 3 pubs
91.5Pilot in command of aircraft requiring more than one required pilot.
91.7Civil aircraft airworthiness.
91.9Civil aircraft flight manual, marking, and placard requirements.
91.11Prohibition on interference with crewmembers.
91.13Careless or reckless operation.10 × 2 pubs
91.15Dropping objects.
91.17Alcohol or drugs.
91.19Carriage of narcotic drugs, marihuana, and depressant or stimulant drugs or substances.
91.21Portable electronic devices.
91.23Truth-in-leasing clause requirement in leases and conditional sales contracts.
91.25Aviation Safety Reporting Program: Prohibition against use of reports for enforcement purposes.
91.101Applicability.
91.103Preflight action.
91.105Flight crewmembers at stations.11 × 3 pubs
91.107Use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses, and child restraint systems.
91.108Use of supplemental restraint systems.
91.109Flight instruction; Simulated instrument flight and certain flight tests.10 × 2 pubs
91.111Operating near other aircraft.20 × 2 pubs
91.113Right-of-way rules: Except water operations.22 × 3 pubs
91.115Right-of-way rules: Water operations.
91.117Aircraft speed.37 × 3 pubs
91.119Minimum safe altitudes: General.31 × 3 pubs
91.121Altimeter settings.
91.123Compliance with ATC clearances and instructions.30 × 2 pubs
91.125ATC light signals.
91.126Operating on or in the vicinity of an airport in Class G airspace.20 × 2 pubs
91.127Operating on or in the vicinity of an airport in Class E airspace.
91.129Operations in Class D airspace.
91.130Operations in Class C airspace.
91.131Operations in Class B airspace.
91.133Restricted and prohibited areas.
91.135Operations in Class A airspace.
91.137Temporary flight restrictions in the vicinity of disaster/hazard areas.20 × 2 pubs
91.138Temporary flight restrictions in national disaster areas in the State of Hawaii.10 × 2 pubs
91.139Emergency air traffic rules.
91.141Flight restrictions in the proximity of the Presidential and other parties.
91.143Flight limitation in the proximity of space flight operations.
91.144Temporary restriction on flight operations during abnormally high barometric pressure conditions.
91.145Management of aircraft operations in the vicinity of aerial demonstrations and major sporting events.10 × 2 pubs
91.146Passenger-carrying flights for the benefit of a charitable, nonprofit, or community event.
91.147Passenger-carrying flights for compensation or hire.
91.151Fuel requirements for flight in VFR conditions.
91.153VFR flight plan: Information required.10 × 2 pubs
91.155Basic VFR weather minimums.30 × 2 pubs
91.157Special VFR weather minimums.10 × 2 pubs
91.159VFR cruising altitude or flight level.20 × 2 pubs
91.161Special awareness training required for pilots flying under visual flight rules within a 60-nautical mile radius of the Washington, DC VOR/DME.
91.167Fuel requirements for flight in IFR conditions.
91.169IFR flight plan: Information required.60 × 2 pubs
91.171VOR equipment check for IFR operations.
91.173ATC clearance and flight plan required.10 × 2 pubs
91.175Takeoff and landing under IFR.40 × 2 pubs
91.176Straight-in landing operations below DA/DH or MDA using an enhanced flight vision system (EFVS) under IFR.
91.177Minimum altitudes for IFR operations.10 × 2 pubs
91.179IFR cruising altitude or flight level.
91.180Operations within airspace designated as Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum airspace.10 × 2 pubs
91.181Course to be flown.
91.183IFR communications.
91.185IFR operations: Two-way radio communications failure.
91.187Operation under IFR in controlled airspace: Malfunction reports.10 × 2 pubs
91.189Category II and III operations: General operating rules.
91.191Category II and Category III manual.
91.193Certificate of authorization for certain Category II operations.
91.203Civil aircraft: Certifications required.
91.205Powered civil aircraft with standard U.S. airworthiness certificates: Instrument and equipment requirements.
91.207Emergency locator transmitters.
91.209Aircraft lights.10 × 2 pubs
91.211Supplemental oxygen.
91.213Inoperative instruments and equipment.
91.215ATC transponder and altitude reporting equipment and use.10 × 2 pubs
91.217Data correspondence between automatically reported pressure altitude data and the pilot's altitude reference.
91.219Altitude alerting system or device: Turbojet-powered civil airplanes.
91.221Traffic alert and collision avoidance system equipment and use.
91.223Terrain awareness and warning system.10 × 2 pubs
91.225Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) Out equipment and use.31 × 3 pubs
91.227Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) Out equipment performance requirements.21 × 3 pubs
91.303Aerobatic flight.11 × 3 pubs
91.305Flight test areas.
91.307Parachutes and parachuting.
91.309Towing: Gliders and unpowered ultralight vehicles.
91.311Towing: Other than under § 91.309.
91.313Restricted category civil aircraft: Operating limitations.
91.315Limited category civil aircraft: Operating limitations.
91.317Provisionally certificated civil aircraft: Operating limitations.
91.319Aircraft having experimental certificates: Operating limitations.
91.321Carriage of candidates in elections.
91.323Increased maximum certificated weights for certain airplanes operated in Alaska.
91.325Primary category aircraft: Operating limitations.
91.326Exception to operating certain aircraft for the purposes of flight training, flightcrew member checking, or flightcrew member testing.
91.327Aircraft issued a special airworthiness certificate in the light-sport category: Operating limitations.
91.331xxx
91.401Applicability.
91.403General.
91.405Maintenance required.
91.407Operation after maintenance, preventive maintenance, rebuilding, or alteration.
91.409Inspections.2 × 2 pubs
91.411Altimeter system and altitude reporting equipment tests and inspections.
91.413ATC transponder tests and inspections.
91.415Changes to aircraft inspection programs.
91.417Maintenance records.
91.419Transfer of maintenance records.
91.421Rebuilt engine maintenance records.
91.501Applicability.
91.503Flying equipment and operating information.
91.505Familiarity with operating limitations and emergency equipment.
91.507Equipment requirements: Over-the-top or night VFR operations.
91.509Survival equipment for overwater operations.
91.511Communication and navigation equipment for overwater operations.
91.513Emergency equipment.
91.515Flight altitude rules.
91.517Passenger information.
91.519Passenger briefing.10 × 2 pubs
91.521Shoulder harness.
91.523Carry-on baggage.
91.525Carriage of cargo.
91.527Operating in icing conditions.
91.529Flight engineer requirements.
91.531Second in command requirements.
91.533Flight attendant requirements.
91.535Stowage of food, beverage, and passenger service equipment during aircraft movement on the surface, takeoff, and landing.
91.601Applicability.
91.603Aural speed warning device.
91.605Transport category civil airplane weight limitations.
91.607Emergency exits for airplanes carrying passengers for hire.
91.609Flight data recorders and cockpit voice recorders.
91.611Authorization for ferry flight with one engine inoperative.
91.613Materials for compartment interiors.
91.701Applicability.
91.702Persons on board.
91.703Operations of civil aircraft of U.S. registry outside of the United States.
91.706Operations within airspace designed as Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum Airspace.10 × 2 pubs
91.707Flights between Mexico or Canada and the United States.
91.709Operations to Cuba.
91.711Special rules for foreign civil aircraft.
91.713Operation of civil aircraft of Cuban registry.
91.715Special flight authorizations for foreign civil aircraft.
91.801Applicability: Relation to part 36.
91.803Part 125 operators: Designation of applicable regulations.
91.805Final compliance: Subsonic airplanes.
91.815Agricultural and fire fighting airplanes: Noise operating limitations.
91.817Civil aircraft sonic boom.
91.818Special flight authorization to exceed Mach 1.
91.819Civil supersonic airplanes that do not comply with part 36.
91.821Civil supersonic airplanes: Noise limits.
91.851Definitions.
91.853Final compliance: Civil subsonic airplanes.
91.855Entry and nonaddition rule.
91.857Stage 2 operations outside of the 48 contiguous United States.
91.858Special flight authorizations for non-revenue Stage 2 operations.
91.859Modification to meet Stage 3, Stage 4, or Stage 5 noise levels.
91.861Base level.
91.863Transfers of Stage 2 airplanes with base level.
91.865Phased compliance for operators with base level.
91.867Phased compliance for new entrants.
91.869Carry-forward compliance.
91.871Waivers from interim compliance requirements.
91.873Waivers from final compliance.
91.875Annual progress reports.
91.877Annual reporting of Hawaiian operations.
91.881Final compliance: Civil subsonic jet airplanes weighing 75,000 pounds or less.
91.883Special flight authorizations for jet airplanes weighing 75,000 pounds or less.
91.903Policy and procedures.
91.905List of rules subject to waivers.
91.1001Applicability.
91.1002Compliance date.
91.1003Management contract between owner and program manager.
91.1005Prohibitions and limitations.
91.1007Flights conducted under part 121 or part 135 of this chapter.
91.1009Clarification of operational control.
91.1011Operational control responsibilities and delegation.
91.1013Operational control briefing and acknowledgment.
91.1014Issuing or denying management specifications.
91.1015Management specifications.
91.1017Amending program manager's management specifications.
91.1019Conducting tests and inspections.
91.1021Internal safety reporting and incident/accident response.
91.1023Program operating manual requirements.
91.1025Program operating manual contents.
91.1027Recordkeeping.
91.1029Flight scheduling and locating requirements.
91.1031Pilot in command or second in command: Designation required.
91.1033Operating information required.
91.1035Passenger awareness.
91.1037Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered; Limitations; Destination and alternate airports.
91.1039IFR takeoff, approach and landing minimums.
91.1041Aircraft proving and validation tests.
91.1045Additional equipment requirements.
91.1047Drug and alcohol misuse education program.
91.1049Personnel.
91.1050Employment of former FAA employees.
91.1053Crewmember experience.
91.1055Pilot operating limitations and pairing requirement.
91.1057Flight, duty and rest time requirements: All crewmembers.
91.1059Flight time limitations and rest requirements: One or two pilot crews.
91.1061Augmented flight crews.
91.1062Duty periods and rest requirements: Flight attendants.
91.1063Testing and training: Applicability and terms used.
91.1065Initial and recurrent pilot testing requirements.
91.1067Initial and recurrent flight attendant crewmember testing requirements.
91.1069Flight crew: Instrument proficiency check requirements.
91.1071Crewmember: Tests and checks, grace provisions, training to accepted standards.
91.1073Training program: General.
91.1075Training program: Special rules.
91.1077Training program and revision: Initial and final approval.
91.1079Training program: Curriculum.
91.1081Crewmember training requirements.
91.1083Crewmember emergency training.
91.1085Hazardous materials recognition training.
91.1087Approval of aircraft simulators and other training devices.
91.1089Qualifications: Check pilots (aircraft) and check pilots (simulator).
91.1091Qualifications: Flight instructors (aircraft) and flight instructors (simulator).
91.1093Initial and transition training and checking: Check pilots (aircraft), check pilots (simulator).
91.1095Initial and transition training and checking: Flight instructors (aircraft), flight instructors (simulator).
91.1097Pilot and flight attendant crewmember training programs.
91.1099Crewmember initial and recurrent training requirements.
91.1101Pilots: Initial, transition, and upgrade ground training.
91.1103Pilots: Initial, transition, upgrade, requalification, and differences flight training.
91.1105Flight attendants: Initial and transition ground training.
91.1107Recurrent training.
91.1109Aircraft maintenance: Inspection program.
91.1111Maintenance training.
91.1113Maintenance recordkeeping.
91.1115Inoperable instruments and equipment.
91.1411Continuous airworthiness maintenance program use by fractional ownership program manager.
91.1413CAMP: Responsibility for airworthiness.
91.1415CAMP: Mechanical reliability reports.
91.1417CAMP: Mechanical interruption summary report.
91.1423CAMP: Maintenance organization.
91.1425CAMP: Maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alteration programs.
91.1427CAMP: Manual requirements.
91.1429CAMP: Required inspection personnel.
91.1431CAMP: Continuing analysis and surveillance.
91.1433CAMP: Maintenance and preventive maintenance training program.
91.1435CAMP: Certificate requirements.
91.1437CAMP: Authority to perform and approve maintenance.
91.1439CAMP: Maintenance recording requirements.
91.1441CAMP: Transfer of maintenance records.
91.1443CAMP: Airworthiness release or aircraft maintenance log entry.
91.1501Purpose and definition.
91.1505Repairs assessment for pressurized fuselages.
91.1507Fuel tank system inspection program.
91.1603Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 112—Prohibition Against Certain Flights in the Territory and Airspace of Libya.
91.1605Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 77—Prohibition Against Certain Flights in the Baghdad Flight Information Region (FIR) (ORBB).
91.1609Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 114—Prohibition Against Certain Flights in the Damascus Flight Information Region (FIR) (OSTT).
91.1611Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 115—Prohibition Against Certain Flights in Specified Areas of the Sanaa Flight Information Region (FIR) (OYSC).
91.1613Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 107—Prohibition Against Certain Flights in the Territory and Airspace of Somalia.
91.1615Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 79—Prohibition Against Certain Flights in the Pyongyang Flight Information Region (FIR) (ZKKP).
91.1617Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 117—Prohibition Against Certain Flights in the Tehran Flight Information Region (FIR) (OIIX).
91.1619Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 119—Prohibition Against Certain Flights in the Kabul Flight Information Region (FIR) (OAKX).
91.1701Applicability.
91.1703Compliance and eligibility.
91.1705Required pilot training.
91.1707Training program hours.
91.1709Training program approval.
91.1711Aeronautical experience.
91.1713Instruction, checking, and evaluation.
91.1715Currency requirements and flight review.
91.1717Operating requirements.
91.1719Credit for prior training.
91.1721Incorporation by reference.
Unofficial reference aid. Confirm against the current eCFR edition before citing in a finding.
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